Christopher Paul Barrington-Leigh
Department of Applied Physics
Stanford University
Advisor: Umran S. Inan
October 2000
Abstract:
Lightning in the Earth's troposphere is among the largest impulsive energy sources within the bounds of the magnetosphere, and with 50 to 100 cloud-to-ground discharges per second globally, provides a steady source of electrodynamic excitation. Lightning effects on the magnetosphere in the form of whistler-mode waves have been recognized for decades, and whistlers are known also to cause lightning electron precipitation in the ionosphere. Recently, however, a range of spectacular and more immediate lightning effects on the lower ionosphere and the mesosphere have been discovered. These were first detected by very low frequency (VLF) radio remote sensing, which inspired studies of possible optical effects at about the same time as two fortuitous discoveries in 1989 and 1990 revealed remarkable visual evidence of direct electrodynamic coupling between lightning and the upper atmosphere. These new phenomena were soon to be called ``sprites'' and ``elves.''
A novel photometric array with a high-speed triggered data
acquisition
system, bore-sighted image-intensified CCD video camera, and VLF radio
receiver was built to detect a predicted signature of elves, the lower
ionospheric (80 to 95 km altitude) flash due to heating by an impinging
electromagnetic pulse launched by intense lightning currents. The
narrow
individual photometer fields-of-view of (2.2 x1.1 degrees) provide a
spatial
resolution of ~20 km at a range of 500 km, enabling the documentation
of
rapid expansion occurring over a horizontal range of 200 km with a time
resolution of ~15 microseconds.
In 1997 data acquired by the array (named the ``Fly's Eye'') settled
several questions regarding the relationship between elves and
lightning
and, by measuring the spatial extent of ionospheric heating and the
frequency
of occurrence of elves, demonstrated their significance in causing
sustained
and cumulative modification of the nighttime lower ionospheric electron
density profile over large thunderstorm systems.
The Fly's Eye, along with a telescopic imaging system developed in 1998, was also used to investigate sprites. Sprites are highly structured discharges lasting 5 to 100 ms and extending from 40 to 85 km altitude which result from intense electric fields following a major redistribution of electric charge in the troposphere -- usually a positive cloud-to-ground return stroke. Photometric, video, and radio (30 Hz to 20 kHz) measurements were used to detect the first sprites directly associated with negative cloud-to-ground lightning, implying a breakdown process that can propagate in upward and downward electric fields; this is consistent with only a subset of the theoretical descriptions for sprites. In addition, telescopic imagery shows clear evidence of both positive and negative corona streamer propagation in a sprite.
Detailed electromagnetic (finite difference time domain) modeling
of both elves and sprites is used to interpret observations. Three
events
recorded by a high-speed (3000 frames per second) imaging system in
1997,
combined with modeling results, led to the recognition of a widespread
confusion in interpreting video signatures of elves and sprites and
identified
for the first time the diffuse upper portion of sprites, a
hard-to-measure
but likely ubiquitous form of heating and ionization in the upper
mesosphere
which is now called the sprite halo.
The full dissertation is available in PDF form from cPbL.